From the early 19th century, bones became a sought-after raw material. Scientists had just discovered its usefulness in agriculture, while the burgeoning sugar industry used it to produce the bone charcoal needed to bleach its coveted product. The high demand that resulted from these technological advances had one major unexpected consequence: the plundering of cemeteries and battlefields. Now, two centuries later, this book brings together for the first time the grim details of the trade in and exploitation of human bones in several countries: Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Algeria and the United States. It shows that not only were the bones of those killed at Waterloo and on other late 18th and 19th century battlefields across Europe exploited, but that this little-known phenomenon also affected the human remains of wars both ancient and modern, including the Crimean War, the American Civil War, the Franco-Prussian War and the First World War. The fact that human bones, not only from battlefields but also from archaeological sites, cemeteries and other sources, were a highly traded industrial commodity was well known, and it was not until less than a century ago that it faded from public memory.