Scientists tell us that the Earth has entered a new epoch: the Anthropocene. We are not facing simply an environmental crisis, but a geological revolution of human origin. In two centuries, our planet has tipped into a state unknown for millions of years. How did we get to this point? Refuting the convenient view of a human species that upset the Earth system unaware of what it was doing, this book proposes a new account of modernity that shakes up many accepted ideas: on the supposedly recent date of environmental awareness, on previous challenges to industrialism, on the manufacture of consumerism and the energy transition, as well as on the role of the military in environmental destruction. Through a dialogue between science and history, the authors draw an ecological balance-sheet of a developmental model that has become unsustainable, and explore paths for living and acting politically in the Anthropocene.