This reference on the basics of PET and PET/CT imaging has been revised with concise chapters on PET fundamentals. The chapters include pertinent basic science plus equations along with sample problems and practice questions.

This revised edition of Basics of PET Imaging presents an unparalleled text on the basics of PET imaging technology. Distinguished author, Dr. Gopal B. Saha, has updated his previous bestselling work with concise chapters on PET fundamentals, including:

• Basic physics
• Instrumentation and data acquisition
• Production of PET radionuclides
• Performance characteristics of PET scanners
• Regulatory and reimbursement issues

To maximize understanding, and to help technologists and residents prepare for board exams, chapters include pertinent basic science and equations along with sample problems and practice questions. The remarkable combination of Dr. Saha’s brevity and clarity of content once again makes this edition an ideal reference book for nuclear medicine professionals interested in the basics of PET imaging.

Sincethepublicationofthisbook in2005, thegrowthofpositron emission tomography(PET)andPET/CTmodalityhasbeenphenomenalwiththed- coveryofef?cientdetectorsandtheadditionofsophisticatedscannersand powerfulsoftware. Becauseofthevastadvancementandchangesintechn- ogy, andalso withgreatappreciationofthesuccess ofthe?rst edition, we thoughtasecondeditionofthebookwouldbeappropriate. Thebookisrevisedtoagainful?lltheneedsofnuclearmedicineprof- sionalssuchasphysicians, technologists, andresidents, alongwithstudents fortheirboardexaminationandtraining. Thecontentsofthebookhavebeen keptatthebasiclevelaswasinthe?rstedition. The organization of the book essentially has remained the same. Some chaptershavebeenrevisedvery extensively, while others haveonly minor changes. NochangehasbeenmadeinChap. 1asitisbasedonbasicphysics. Extensive revision has been made in Chaps. 2 and 3 to include up-to-date information on detectors, scanners, and data collection. Chapter 4 in the original edition has been divided into Chaps. 4 and 5 to allow for a se- ratechapteron"Storage,Display,andPACS. "Chapter6hasbeenupdated withnewinformationonNEMAstandardsonacceptancetestsofPETsc- ners. NewPETradionuclidesandthelistofcurrentavailablecyclotronshave beenaddedtoChap. 7. Chapter8includesasectiononCompoundingofPET Radiopharmaceuticals,inadditiontoseveralnewPETradiopharmaceuticals. NewregulationsconcerningtheuseofPETradiopharmaceuticals,thelice- ingofphysiciansandtechnologists,andtheaccreditationofPETfacilitiesto beeligibleforreimbursementforPETproceduresareallincludedinChap. 9. Chapter10hasbeenrevised,focusingontheissuesofcurrentreimbursement issuesforPETstudies. OnlyminorchangeshavebeenmadeinChaps. 11and 12toincludeup-to-dateinformation. Questionshavebeenaddedattheend ofeachchapter,asappropriate,tore?ectthechangesincontents. IthankmycolleaguesattheClevelandClinicFoundationfortheirsupport in manywaysand Mrs. DianeGrif?s for kindly typingand completingthe manuscriptontime. vii viii Preface IsincerelythankAndrewMoyer,editorofradiologyandnuclearmedicine, atSpringerforsupportandencouragement,andS. GeethalakshmiSrinivasan, ProjectManager,atSPiTechnologiesIndiaPvtLtdforexcellentproduction ofthebook. Cleveland,OH GopalB. Saha Contents 1. RadioactiveDecayandInteractionofRadiationwithMatter ...1 AtomicStructure ...1 RadioactiveDecay ...2 ?Decay ...2 ? ? Decay ...3 + Positron(?) Decay ...3 ElectronCapture ...3 IsomericTransition ...4 RadioactiveDecayEquations ...5 GeneralDecayEquations ...5 SuccessiveDecayEquations ...7 UnitsofRadioactivity ...9 UnitsofRadioactivityinSystemInternationale ...9 Calculations ...9 InteractionofRadiationwithMatter ...10 InteractionofChargedParticleswithMatter ...10 Interactionof?RadiationwithMatter ...12 Questions ...15 ReferencesandSuggestedReading ...17 2. PET ScanningSystems ...19 Background ...19 SolidScintillationDetectorsinPET ...20 PhotomultiplierTube ...24 PulseHeightAnalyzer ...25 ArrangementofDetectors ...25 PETScanners ...28 CoincidenceScintillationCameras ...29 PET/CTScanners ...30 SmallAnimalPETScanner ...33 MobilePETorPET/CT ...36 ix x Contents Questions ...38 ReferencesandSuggestedReading ...39 3. DataAcquisition and Corrections ...41 PETDataAcquisition ...41 TimeofFlightMethod ...46 Two-Dimensionalvs. Three-Dimensional DataAcquisition ...47 FactorsAffectingAcquiredPETData ...49 Normalization ...49 PhotonAttenuation ...50 AttenuationCorrectionMethods ...52 RandomCoincidences ...53 ScatterCoincidences ...55 CorrectionforScatterCoincidences ...56 DeadTime ...58 RadialElongation ...59 PET/CTDataAcquisition ...6 0 FactorsAffectingPET/CTData ...62 Questions ...67 ReferencesandSuggestedReading ...68 4. ImageReconstruction ...71 SimpleBackprojection ...71 FilteredBackprojection ...72 TheFourierMethod ...73 TypesofFilters ...75 IterativeReconstruction ...