Dating from the 3rd century BC to the 1st century AD the work is structured according to a conception of the world as a vast land mass bounded on its four sides by four seas, beyond which lie four great wildernesses. Each chapter leads the reader through successive landscapes, describing the geographical and mythological associations of each.



This major source of Chinese mythology (third century BC to second century AD) contains a treasure trove of rare data and colorful fiction about the mythical figures, rituals, medicine, natural history, and ethnic peoples of the ancient world.

The Classic of Mountains and Seas explores 204 mythical figures such as the gods Foremost, Fond Care, and Yellow, and goddesses Queen Mother of the West and Girl Lovely, as well as many other figures unknown outside this text. This eclectic Classic also contains crucial information on early medicine (with cures for impotence and infertility), omens to avert catastrophe, and rites of sacrifice, and familiar and unidentified plants and animals. It offers a guided tour of the known world in antiquity, moving outwards from the famous mountains of central China to the lands “beyond the seas.”

Translated with an introduction and notes by Anne Birrell.